What are the most effective ways to reduce STI risks?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be prevented through several evidence-based strategies:

• Barrier methods: External condoms, internal condoms, and dental dams create physical barriers that prevent the exchange of bodily fluids and reduce skin-to-skin contact where infections might be transmitted.
• Regular testing: Get tested for STIs regularly, especially when beginning with a new partner. Many infections can be asymptomatic but still transmissible.
• Limiting partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners decreases potential exposure to STIs.
• Open communication: Discussing sexual health status with partners before engaging in sexual activity creates awareness and mutual responsibility.
• Vaccination: Vaccines are available for some STIs like HPV and Hepatitis B. The HPV vaccine is recommended for people of all genders, typically starting from age 11-12, but can be administered through age 45.

How should condoms be properly used?

Condoms are highly effective when used correctly:

1. Check the expiration date and ensure the package isn't damaged.
2. Open the package carefully to avoid tearing the condom (don't use teeth or scissors).
3. Place the condom on the erect penis before any genital contact occurs.
4. Pinch the tip to remove air and leave space for ejaculate.
5. Roll the condom down to the base of the penis.
6. After ejaculation, hold the base of the condom while withdrawing to prevent slippage.
7. Remove the condom, tie it off, and dispose of it in the trash (not the toilet).
8. Use a new condom for each sexual act, even if ejaculation doesn't occur.

Internal condoms (sometimes called female condoms) can be inserted up to 8 hours before sexual activity and provide an alternative that gives the receptive partner more control over protection.

What testing schedule is recommended for sexually active individuals?

Testing recommendations vary based on risk factors:

• Annual screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea for all sexually active women under 25 and men who have sex with men.
• HIV testing at least once for everyone between 13-64, and annually for those with multiple partners or other risk factors.
• Every 3-6 months for individuals with multiple partners or other high-risk behaviors.
• Before beginning with each new partner.

Remember that many STIs are asymptomatic, making regular testing essential even when you feel healthy.

What are effective methods for preventing unintended pregnancy?

A comprehensive approach to pregnancy prevention includes:

• Hormonal methods: Pills, patches, rings, injections, and implants (99% effective with perfect use).
• Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC): IUDs and implants (over 99% effective).
• Barrier methods: Condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps (82-98% effective with perfect use).
• Emergency contraception: Available over-the-counter and effective up to 5 days after unprotected sex.
• Dual protection: Using condoms along with another method provides protection against both pregnancy and STIs.

What are some comfortable positions for beginners that also minimize risks?

For those new to sexual activity, certain positions offer better control and communication:

• Missionary: Allows for face-to-face communication and control of depth and pace.
• Partner on top: Gives the receiving partner control over depth, angle, and speed.
• Side-by-side: Provides comfort and allows both partners to have some control.

Whatever position you choose, communication is key. Regularly check in with each other about comfort and consent.

How should lubricants and toys be used safely?

Lubricants:

• Use water-based or silicone-based lubricants with condoms (oil-based lubricants degrade latex).
• Silicone lubricants last longer but shouldn't be used with silicone toys.
• Apply lubricant to both the condom and the receiving partner for comfort.
• Avoid lubricants with glycerin, parabens, or flavoring if prone to vaginal infections.

Sex Toys:

• Clean toys according to manufacturer instructions before and after each use.
• Use condoms on toys that are shared between partners or used for different types of penetration.
• Store toys in clean, dry places after cleaning.
• Check regularly for cracks or tears where bacteria could hide.